The results showed that accuracy of the workflow was greatly dependent on tracking technique used: the workflow was the most accurate with electromagnetic tracking, but the least accurate with optical tracking. The accuracy of the workflow was evaluated in a cadaver set-up, and compared to bone-anchored fiducial, virtual splint and surface-based registration. This alleviates the need for any registration procedure, since the position of the reference frame is known from the design. A virtual Dynamic Reference Frame on a splint is designed on the patient’s fused maxillary dentition: during surgery, the splint containing the reference frame is positioned on the patient’s dentition. In the workflow, the maxillary dental model is fused to the pre-operative imaging data using commercially available virtual planning software. In this study, a workflow is presented that eliminates the need for a registration procedure altogether: registration-free navigation. Next to accuracy, important factors to consider for the registration procedure are invasiveness, time consumption, logistical demands, user-dependency, compatibility and radiation exposure. The accuracy of intra-operative navigation is largely dependent on the intra-operative registration procedure.
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